Stress and Anxiety for Your 12-Year-Old

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Now Is the Right Time!

Children/Teens and adults alike experience stress. Stress is typically caused by an external trigger like an angry sibling shouting “You can’t have my game!” or a parent insisting a child/teen needs to stop playing and do their chores. Feelings of stress are naturally built-in mechanisms for human survival and thriving. These feelings are the body’s way of warning you when there is danger and calling your attention to problems that need resolving. As a parent or someone in a parenting role, you can help your child/teen learn to identify and manage their stress — an important skill they will use throughout their lives.

Children/Teens ages 11-14 are in the process of learning about their strong feelings, dealing with academic and extracurricular performance pressures, and growing friendships. All these new experiences and expectations can cause stress that is typical for all children/teens.

In addition, most children/teens also face more intense stress like during a sustained global crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic or through family challenges such as caregivers who divorce, deal with mental illness, or addiction. Many families have members who face intense stress due to the effects of systemic oppression, income inequality, lack of access to services, prejudices, stigma, or other injustices. Indeed, the support a child/teen receives during and after stress from trusted caregivers can make a powerful difference in how that child/teen copes and integrates that experience over the long term. With intentional guidance and support, parents and those in a parenting role can advance their child’s/teen’s development to build their inner strength and resilience.

Symptoms of stress may look differently in children/teens than they do in adults. Children/Teens can experience both mental and physical symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, irritability, trouble sleeping at night, and stomach and digestive problems. Some children/teens may act out and create power struggles as they have not yet fully developed skills to constructively manage their stress.

Symptoms of stress can look very similar to symptoms of anxiety and can be difficult for parents and those in a parenting role to tell the difference. Even though signs of stress and anxiety may look the same, they are different and require different approaches to handle each. Understanding the differences between stress and anxiety will help parents properly guide their children/teens through their intense feelings.

Stress

  • is a normal reaction to a situation or experience (an external trigger or stressor);
  • generally goes away when the stressor goes away;
  • doesn’t significantly interfere or alter daily functioning and activities; and
  • responds well to coping strategies like exercise, deep breathing, etc.

Anxiety

  • includes intense and persistent worry and fear that is difficult to control and out of proportion to the situation,1
  • can be long lasting, and
  • significantly interferes with everyday functioning and activities.

While mild anxiety may respond well to coping strategies used to manage stress, a child/teen experiencing anxiety may require additional help from a mental health professional to determine if they have an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders are different from feelings of stress or mild anxiety, which are short term.

There are resources listed at the end of this tool to help parents and those in a parenting role address complex issues like adverse childhood experiences; persistent, debilitating anxiety; and depression.

Every child/teen needs to learn to manage stress. The following steps will prepare you to help your child/teen through the kinds of stressors many commonly face. The steps include specific, practical strategies along with effective conversation starters to guide you in helping your child/teen manage stress in ways that develop their resilience and skills for self-management.

Why Stress?

Whether it’s your eleven-year-old refusing to go to a new afterschool program or your thirteen-year-old having trouble getting to sleep because they are worried about a test the next day, stress and how to deal with it can become a daily challenge if you don’t create plans and strategies for dealing with it along with input from your child/teen.

Today, in the short term, teaching skills to manage stress can create

  • greater opportunities for connection, cooperation, and enjoyment;
  • trust in each other that you have the competence to manage your big feelings; and
  • added daily peace of mind.

Tomorrow, in the long term, your child/teen

  • builds skills in self-awareness,
  • builds skills in self-control and managing feelings, and
  • develops independence and self-sufficiency.

Five Steps for Managing Stress Download a summary of the 5 steps

This five-step process helps you and your child/teen manage stress. It also builds important skills in your child/teen. The same process can be used to address other parenting issues as well (learn more about the process).

Tip

These steps are done best when you and your child/teen are not tired or in a rush.

Tip

Intentional communication and a healthy parenting relationship support these steps.

Step 1. Get Your Child/Teen Thinking by Getting Their Input

In order to ask helpful questions of your child/teen and learn about their stress, parents can benefit from understanding how stress is processed in the body and brain. Understanding how the brain — for both adults and children/teens — operates when feeling stressed is critical in shaping your responses and offering support for your child/teen.

Anytime you are emotionally shaken from fear, anxiety, anger, or hurt, you are functioning from the part of your brain that developed first — the primal brain — or amygdala. During these intense feelings, chemicals wash over the rest of the brain cutting off access so that your only functioning abilities are in your survival center. This “hijacking” of your brain, as Daniel Goleman author of Emotional Intelligence refers to it, serves a critical role.2 In true survival circumstances, you are able to focus on fighting, fleeing, or freezing. Your body surges with adrenaline (a hormone) that gives you an extra boost of energy, but high anxiety can quite literally paralyze thinking. Effective problem solving requires logic, language, and creativity, though, none can be well utilized when greatly upset. In family life, fighting with words or actions or fleeing out the door is often not constructive, safe, or practical. Fundamental understanding about how stress occurs in the body and brain will assist you as you seek input, teach, practice, and offer support for your child/teen.

The primal brain — or amygdalaYou can get your child/teen thinking about ways to manage daily stress by asking open-ended questions. Open-ended questions help prompt your child’s/teen’s thinking. You’ll also begin to better understand their thoughts, feelings, and challenges related to stress. In gaining input, your child/teen

  • develops awareness about how they are thinking and feeling and understands when it is stress-related
  • can think through and problem solve challenges they may encounter ahead of time.

Actions

  • Engage your child/teen in a conversation to understand your child’s/teen’s thoughts and feelings. You could ask:
    • “When do you feel stressed?”
    • “When do you feel uncomfortable, frustrated, or angry?” (These feelings can mask underlying anxiety.)
    • “What time of day?”
    • “What people, places, and activities are usually involved?”
  • Practice actively listening to your child’s/teen’s thoughts, feelings, and worries. Though you may want to fix your child’s/teen’s problem quickly, it’s important to simply listen first. Because parents can have a tendency to project their own worries onto their children/teens when they may be concerned with something different altogether, use your best listening skills! The way to find out whether your child/teen is stressed is by offering a safe space for them to talk about their worries without fearing judgment.
  • Paraphrase what you heard your child/teen say. Paraphrasing is echoing back to the person a summary of what they’ve said to check how accurate your listening is. It also confirms to the speaker that you have heard them. A conversation might go something like this:
    • Child/Teen: “I just found out my classmates are in a group chat and I’m not in it. They don’t like me.”
    • Parent modeling paraphrasing: “So I hear you found out that your classmates have an online group chat that you are not a part of. Is that right?” If you hear a subtext of feeling, as in this example, you can also reflect the feeling implied. Parent reflecting feeling: “I get the sense you are feeling upset about being left out. Is that right?”How does your body feel image.
  • Explore the mind-body connection. In calmer moments with your child/teen, ask, “How does your body feel now?” See how descriptively they can list their physical signs of wellbeing. Now ask, “How does your body feel when you are feeling stress?” For every person, their physical experience will be different. Find out how your child/teen feels and make the connection between those symptoms and the normal feelings they are having.
Tip

Be sure you talk about stress at a calm time when you are not stressed!

Step 2. Teach New Skills by Interactive Modeling

Because stress is such an integral experience in people’s daily lives, you may not realize how it can influence every aspect of your day. Learning about the developmental milestones can help you better understand what your child/teen is working hard to learn.

  • Eleven-year-olds are growing their social awareness, and their worries might increase about being liked and who’s “in” and who’s “out.”
  • Twelve-year-olds may be preoccupied by disturbing news and social issues more than ever with their growing social awareness. They may find themselves more rundown by stress dealing with social, academic, and extracurricular pressures.
  • Thirteen-year-olds can have worries related to their newly acquired body changes with puberty. They can be highly sensitive as they work to define their independent identity while still being dependent upon you.
  • Fourteen-year-olds will have crushes, broken hearts, and worries related to the world of relationships. They may enjoy academic challenges until they feel underprepared and then become stressed that they are not competent.

Teaching is different than just telling. Teaching builds basic skills, grows problem-solving abilities, and sets your child/teen up for success. Teaching also involves modeling and practicing the positive behaviors you want to see, promoting skills, and preventing problems.

Actions

  • Model the skills yourself, and your child/teen will notice and learn.
    • Get exercise and fresh air. Getting active in any way, whether it’s taking a walk or gardening, can help relieve stress.
    • Remember to breathe. Try and make a daily routine of taking 5-10 deep breaths to help you begin the morning calm and focused. If you run into stressful situations during the day, remember to breathe deeply in the midst of the chaos to help yourself better cope with it.
    • Create quiet time. Busy schedules are inevitable. However, everyone needs quiet, unscheduled time to refuel. Say “No” to social commitments when it’s too much. In addition to guarding your child’s/teen’s quiet time, be certain to carve out your own.
    • Set a goal for daily connection. Touch can deepen intimacy in any relationship creating safety, trust, and a sense of wellbeing. It offers health benefits as well. A study found that those who hugged more were more resistant to colds and other stress-induced illnesses.3
    • Notice, name, and accept your feelings regularly. You may get in the habit of reassuring family members or friends, “I’m fine,” even when you are not. Yet, you need to be a model of emotional intelligence if your child/teen is to learn to manage their feelings. Notice what you are honestly feeling and name it. “I’m tired and cranky this afternoon.” Accepting those feelings instead of fighting them can be a relief and allow you to take action toward change.
    • Ask “What is my child/teen developmentally ready to try?” Allow for healthy risks. Realize it will not always be done perfectly or in the ways you expect. Trust your child’s/teen’s ability to solve their own problems with your loving support.
  • Brainstorm coping strategies. There are numerous coping strategies you and your child/teen can use depending on what feels right. But when you are really anxious and upset, it can be difficult to recall what will make you feel better. That’s why brainstorming a list, writing it down, and keeping it at the ready can come in handy when your child/teen really needs it. For example, your child/teen could imagine a favorite place, take a walk, get a drink of water, take deep breaths, count to 50, draw, color, or build something. For an easy-to-print illustration, check out Confident Parents, Confident Kids’ Coping Strategies for 5-12.
  • Design a plan. When you’ve learned about what happens in your brain and body when stress takes over, you know you need a plan so you don’t have to think in that moment. What will you say when really upset? Where will you go?
  • Work on your child’s/teen’s feelings vocabulary. Yes, at times, parents and those in a parenting role have to become feelings detectives. If your child/teen shuts down and refuses to tell you what’s going on, you have to dig for clues. They are still learning to label the complexity of their feelings. That’s because they hear feelings expressed in daily conversations much less frequently than thoughts or other expressions. Being able to identify your feelings is the first step to being able to successfully manage them.
  • Create a calm down space. During a time without pressures, design a “safe base” or place where your child/teen decides they would like to go when upset to feel better. Maybe their calm down space is a beanbag chair in their room, a blanket, or special carpet in the family room. Then, think through together what items you might place there to help them calm down.
  • Is your child/teen uttering the same upsetting story more than once, or repetitively analyzing problems or concerns? Talk to your child/teen about the fact that reviewing the same concerns over and again will not help them resolve the issue. Talking about them might help, calming down might help, and learning more might help. Setting a positive goal for change will help. Practice what you can do when you feel you are thinking through the same upsetting thoughts.
  • Create a family gratitude ritual. People get plenty of negative messages each day through the news, performance reviews at school or work, and through challenges with family and friends. It can seem easier to complain than to appreciate. Balance out your daily ratio of negative to positive messages by looking for the good in your life and articulating it. Model it and involve your child/teen. This is the best antidote to a sense of entitlement or taking your good life for granted while wanting more and more stuff. Psychologists have done research on gratefulness and found that it increases people’s health, sense of wellbeing, and their ability to get more and better sleep at night.4
Tip

Deep breathing is not just a nice thing to do. It actually changes your brain chemistry and allows you to regain access to your creativity, language, and logic versus staying stuck in your primal brain. Practicing deep breathing with your child/teen can offer them a powerful tool to use anytime, anywhere when they feel overcome with stress.

Step 3. Practice to Grow Skills, Confidence, and Develop Habits

Your daily conversations can be opportunities for your child/teen to practice vital new skills if you seize those chances. Practice grows vital new brain connections that strengthen (and eventually form habits) each time your child/teen works hard to practice essential stress management skills.

Practice also provides important opportunities to grow self-efficacy — a child’s/teen’s sense that they can do a task or skill successfully. This leads to confidence. It will also help them understand that mistakes and failures are part of learning.

Actions

  • Use “Show me” When a child/teen learns a new ability, they are eager to show it off! Give them that chance. Say: “Show me how you use your safe base to calm down.” This can be used when you observe their stress mounting.
  • Practice your plan! Be sure and try out your plan for managing stressful situations in smaller scale ways. In other words, could you do a dry run — walk to school and be in the environment to act out your plan before kids arrive for school? This kind of practice can make all of the difference in assisting your child/teen when their toughest times arise.
  • Recognize effort by using “I notice…” statements like, “I notice how you took some deep breaths when you got frustrated. That’s excellent!”
  • Include reflection on the day in your bedtime routine. Begin by asking about worries or problems that your child/teen will surely consider after you leave the room. Listen and offer comfort. Demonstrate that you are allowing and accepting the uncertainty of unresolved problems. You could say, “There’s no amount of worrying that is going to fix things tonight. How can you talk about accepting what you have and where you are now and work on it tomorrow?” Then, turn to gratitude. Children/Teens may not have the chance to reflect on what’s good and abundant in their lives throughout the day, yet grateful thoughts can be a central contributor to happiness and wellbeing. And, grateful thoughts directly wipe out ruminations. So ask, “What happened today that made you happy?” or “What were the best moments in your day?5
  • Proactively remind. Remind in a gentle, non-public way. You may whisper in your child’s/teen’s ear, “Remember what we are going to say when we keep playing worries over and again in our mind? What is it?”

Step 4. Support Your Child’s/Teen’s Development and Success

At this point, you’ve taught your child/teen some new strategies for managing stress so that they understand how to take action. You’ve practiced together. Now, you can offer support when it’s needed by reteaching, monitoring, and coaching. Parents naturally offer support as they see their child/teen fumble with a situation in which they need help. This is no different.

Actions

  • Ask key questions to support their skills. For example, “You have a test coming up today. Do you remember what you can do to help yourself if you feel stressed?”
  • Learn about development. Each new age will present differing challenges and along with them, stress. Becoming informed regularly about what developmental milestones your child/teen is working toward will offer you empathy and patience.
  • Reflect on outcomes. “Seems like you couldn’t get to sleep last night because you had so much on your mind. Did you have a hard time paying attention in class? What could we do tonight to help?”
  • Stay engaged. Working together on ideas for new and different coping strategies can help offer additional support and motivation for your child/teen when tough issues arise.

Step 5. Recognize Effort and Quality to Foster Motivation

No matter how old your child/teen is, your praise and encouragement are their sweetest reward.

If your child/teen is working to grow their skills — even in small ways — it will be worth your while to recognize it. Your recognition can go a long way to promoting positive behaviors and helping your child/teen manage their feelings. Your recognition also promotes safe, secure, and nurturing relationships — a foundation for strong communication and a healthy relationship with you as they grow.

Actions

  • Recognize and call out when it is going well. It may seem obvious, but it’s easy not to notice when all is moving along smoothly. When your child/teen is using the self-management tools you’ve taught them, a short, specific call out is all that’s needed: “I noticed when you got frustrated with your homework, you moved away and took some deep breaths. Yes! Excellent.”
  • Recognize small steps along the way. Remember that your recognition can work as a tool to promote more positive behaviors. Find small ways your child/teen is making an effort and let them know you see them.
  • Build celebrations into your routine. Include hugs, high-fives, and fist-bumps in your repertoire of ways to appreciate one another.

Closing

Engaging in these five steps is an investment that builds your skills as an effective parent to use on many other issues and builds important skills that will last a lifetime for your child/teen. Throughout this tool, there are opportunities for children/teens to become more self-aware, to deepen their social awareness, to exercise their self-management skills, to work on their relationship skills, and to demonstrate and practice responsible decision making.

Additional Resources for More Intense Forms of Stress — Adverse Childhood Experiences, Anxiety, and Depression

If there are high emotions in your household most days, most of the time, then it may be time to consider outside intervention. Physical patterns (like depression) can set in that require the help of a trained professional. Seeking psychological help is the same as going to your doctor for a physical ailment. It is very wise to seek outside help. The following are some U.S.-based resources to check out.

  • American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP)
    • Has definitions, answers to frequently asked questions, resources, expert videos, and an online search tool to find a local psychiatrist. http://www.aacap.org
  • American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Healthy Children
    • Provides information for parents about emotional wellness, including helping children handle stress, psychiatric medications, grief, and more. http://www.healthychildren.org
  • American Psychological Association (APA)
    • Offers information on managing stress, communicating with kids, making stepfamilies work, controlling anger, finding a psychologist, and more. http://www.apa.org
  • Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT)
    • Provides free online information so that children and adolescents benefit from the most up-to-date information about mental health treatment and can learn about important differences in mental health supports. Parents can search online for local psychologists and psychiatrists for free. http://www.abct.org

References

[1]American Psychological Association. (2019). What’s the difference between stress and anxiety? Knowing the difference can ensure you get the help you need. APA; October 28.
[2] Goleman, D. (1994). Emotional Intelligence; Why it can matter more than IQ. NY, NY: Bantham Books.
[3] Colletti, C.J.M., Forehand, R., Garai, E., Rakow, A., McKee, L., Fear, J.M., Compass, B.E. (2009). Parent Depression and Child Anxiety: An Overview of the Literature with Clinical Implications. Child Youth Care Forum. 38(3), 151–160.
[4] Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D. Turner, R.B., Doyle, W.J. (2014). Does hugging provide stress-buffering social support? A study of susceptibility to upper respiratory infection and illness. Psychological Science, 26(2), 135-147.
[5] Emmons, M. (2007). Thanks!: How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Recommended Citation: Center for Health and Safety Culture. (2021). Stress and Anxiety. Ages 11-14. Retrieved from https://parentingmontana.org.
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